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The ETB-202 Critical Potentials Trainer is a specialized physics and electronics lab apparatus designed to study the critical excitation and ionization potentials of an atomic gas (typically neon, helium, or mercury) enclosed in an electronic valve (gas-filled tube). It enables observation of energy levels at which electrons excite or ionize gas atoms — a fundamental concept in atomic physics and quantum theory. The model allows students to plot current vs. voltage characteristics, identifying points where energy transitions occur due to electron collisions. The setup is supported by a regulated power supply and a clearly structured circuit, allowing safe and accurate operation for classroom and research purposes. This experimental trainer is essential in physics and applied electronics labs for understanding electron impact phenomena, gas ionization, and atomic structure fundamentals. Key Features:
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